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Anatomy of the Circulatory System

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
The oxygenated blood is sent...

Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

Capillary Beds

Capillary Beds

Capillary beds are networks of tiny blood vessels that play a crucial role in the circulatory system. These beds are where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between the blood and surrounding tissues. Each capillary bed consists of numerous capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body, typically only one cell-thick. This thinness allows for the efficient diffusion of substances.
Capillaries connect arterioles, small branches of arteries, to venules,...

Coronary Circulation

Coronary Circulation

The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...

Overview of Systemic Arteries

Overview of Systemic Arteries

The human body is a complex, well-organized machine, and at the heart of its operations lies the circulatory system. This network of blood vessels, which includes systemic arteries, plays a vital role in maintaining life by transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from cells throughout the body.
Systemic circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Wireless Telemetry Device Implantation in a Fontan Ovine Model for Continuous and Long-Term Hemodynamic Monitoring

Wireless Telemetry Device Implantation in a Fontan Ovine Model for Continuous and Long-Term Hemodynamic Monitoring

Published on: May 2, 2025

The Fontan pathway: What's down the road?

Sachin Khambadkone¹

¹Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.

Annals of Pediatric Cardiology

|March 20, 2010

Summary

The Fontan circulation, a surgical approach for single-ventricle defects, has evolved with improved outcomes. However, long-term complications like arrhythmias and protein-losing enteropathy necessitate ongoing management and potential cardiac transplantation.

Keywords:

Failing Fontan cardiac transplantation protein losing enteropathy

More Related Videos

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

Published on: February 3, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Wireless Telemetry Device Implantation in a Fontan Ovine Model for Continuous and Long-Term Hemodynamic Monitoring

Wireless Telemetry Device Implantation in a Fontan Ovine Model for Continuous and Long-Term Hemodynamic Monitoring

Published on: May 2, 2025

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

Published on: February 3, 2016

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

The Fontan circulation is a palliative surgical procedure for complex single-ventricle congenital heart defects.
It reroutes systemic venous blood to the pulmonary arteries without a sub-pulmonary ventricle.
Early modifications and current techniques have significantly reduced operative mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evolution and current management strategies for the Fontan circulation.
To highlight late complications and their therapeutic approaches.
To discuss the role of cardiac transplantation in failing Fontan patients.

Main Methods:

Review of historical and current surgical modifications for Fontan procedure.
Discussion of management strategies for late complications including arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, protein-losing enteropathy, and plastic bronchitis.
Evaluation of hemodynamic and imaging assessments for failing Fontan circulation.
Consideration of Fontan conversion and cardiac transplantation.

Main Results:

Surgical modifications, fenestration, staging, and improved perioperative care have decreased Fontan-associated mortality.
Despite improvements, late complications such as arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, protein-losing enteropathy, and plastic bronchitis remain significant challenges.
Comprehensive management of failing Fontan circulation involves addressing correctable lesions, managing arrhythmias, treating specific syndromes, and optimizing hemodynamics.
Cardiac transplantation is the definitive treatment for end-stage failing Fontan circulation.

Conclusions:

The Fontan circulation has seen significant advancements, leading to improved survival rates.
Long-term management of Fontan patients requires a multidisciplinary approach to address persistent and emerging complications.
Cardiac transplantation offers a viable option for patients with end-stage Fontan-associated heart failure.