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Related Concept Videos

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Arginylation-dependent neural crest cell migration is essential for mouse development.

Satoshi Kurosaka1, N Adrian Leu, Fangliang Zhang

  • 1Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.

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Protein arginylation, regulated by arginyltransferase (Ate1), is crucial for neural crest cell migration during development. Loss of Ate1 in these cells causes developmental defects and embryonic lethality, highlighting arginylation's essential role in morphogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Coordinated cell migration, particularly by neural crest cells, is vital for embryonic development and organogenesis.
  • Protein arginylation, a posttranslational modification involving arginyltransferase (Ate1), has been linked to actin cytoskeleton function and cell migration.
  • Ate1 knockout in mice results in embryonic lethality and heart defects, suggesting a role in cell migration-dependent processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of arginylation in neural crest cell migration during development.
  • To determine if arginylation regulates the molecular machinery underlying cell migration in morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of Wnt1-Cre Ate1 conditional knockout mice (Wnt1-Ate1) to specifically delete Ate1 in neural crest cells.
  • Phenotypic analysis of Wnt1-Ate1 mice, including examination of morphological defects and survival rates.
  • In situ analysis of neural crest cell migration patterns and in vitro assessment of cell motility.

Main Results:

  • Wnt1-Ate1 mice exhibit embryonic lethality or death shortly after birth, accompanied by severe breathing difficulties, growth retardation, and behavioral issues.
  • Cranial and palatal defects were observed in Wnt1-Ate1 pups, contributing to respiratory problems.
  • Ate1 knockout in neural crest cells led to delayed migration in situ and reduced cell motility in culture, suggesting intracellular regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Arginylation, mediated by Ate1, plays a critical role in the migration of neural crest cells during embryonic development.
  • The study provides evidence that arginylation regulates intracellular mechanisms essential for cell migration and morphogenesis.
  • These findings underscore the importance of protein arginylation in developmental processes reliant on cell movement.