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Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...

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Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test
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Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Published on: February 6, 2021

Computational study on nitronium and nitrosonium oxalate: potential oxidizers for solid rocket propulsion?

Elif Gökçinar1, Thomas M Klapötke, Michael P Kramer

  • 1Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Energetic Materials Research, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377, Germany.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|March 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Oxalic acid dinitrate ester shows promise as a perchlorate-free oxidizer for solid rocket motors. Its performance is comparable to existing formulations, offering an environmentally benign alternative.

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx
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Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Published on: December 20, 2016

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Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test
06:52

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx
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Area of Science:

  • Computational chemistry
  • Energetic materials

Background:

  • Oxalic acid derivatives are explored for energetic applications.
  • Perchlorate-based propellants raise environmental concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate formation enthalpies and combustion parameters for novel oxalic acid derivatives.
  • To assess their potential as environmentally benign rocket propellants.

Main Methods:

  • Complete Basis Set (CBS-4M) method for accurate energy calculations.
  • EXPLO5 and ICT codes for combustion parameter analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified stable isomers for nitrosonium and nitronium oxalate compounds.
  • Oxalic acid dinitrate ester exhibits high stability and performance.
  • Calculated combustion parameters indicate potential for solid rocket motor applications.

Conclusions:

  • Oxalic acid dinitrate ester is a stable, high-performing compound.
  • It presents a viable perchlorate-free and environmentally benign oxidizer alternative for solid rocket propulsion.