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Related Concept Videos

Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
Random Sampling Method01:09

Random Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...
Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test I01:17

Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test I

The Wald-Wolfowitz test, also known as the runs test, is a nonparametric statistical test used to assess the randomness of a sequence of two different types of elements (e.g., positive/negative values, successes/failures). It examines whether the order of the elements in a sequence is random or if there is a pattern or trend present. This nonparametric test applies to any ordered data despite the population and sample data distribution, even if a higher sample size is available.
The test works...
Random Error01:04

Random Error

Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II01:17

Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II

The Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, commonly referred to as the runs test, is a nonparametric test used to assess the randomness of ordered data. The test evaluates the number of runs, which are consecutive sequences of similar elements within the data. If the number of runs is significantly higher or lower than expected, the data is considered non-random, indicating a detectable pattern or structure.
For binary data, runs are identified using symbols such as + and −, or equivalently, 1s and 0s. In...

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

DNA-based random number generation in security circuitry.

Christy M Gearheart1, Benjamin Arazi, Eric C Rouchka

  • 1Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. christy.bogard@louisville.edu

Bio Systems
|March 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces DNA-based circuitry for secure data manipulation, developing random DNA sequence generation for tamper-proof security modules. Generated sequences passed NIST tests, demonstrating potential for advanced security applications.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and molecular biology
  • DNA-based circuit design
  • Computational biology

Background:

  • Traditional silicon-based technologies are being explored for replacement by DNA-based systems.
  • DNA-based circuit design aims to mimic digital data manipulation using biological components.
  • The long-term vision includes DNA circuitry for advanced tamper-proof security modules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop DNA-based methodologies for mimicking digital data manipulation.
  • To explore the self-generation of random numbers using DNA sequences for security applications.
  • To design and simulate a prototype schema for DNA-based random number generation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides for random DNA sequence construction.
  • Employing plasmid vectors for temporary storage and retrieval of DNA sequences.
  • Evaluating sequence randomness and applying techniques to a simulation of random number generation circuitry.

Main Results:

  • Generated DNA sequences were simulated for randomness.
  • The simulated sequences successfully passed three selected NIST random number generation tests.
  • The results support the feasibility of DNA-based random number generation for security.

Conclusions:

  • DNA-based circuitry shows promise for revolutionizing tamper-proofing through secure random number generation.
  • The developed prototype schema demonstrates a viable approach for creating random DNA sequences.
  • Further technological maturation could lead to robust, DNA-based security modules.