Nucleolar organization, growth control and cancer

The nucleolus is a dynamic region of the nucleus that is disassembled and reformed each cell cycle and whose size is correlated with cell growth rate. Nucleolar size is a prognostic measure of cancer disease severity and increasing evidence suggests a causative role of nucleolar lesions in many cancers. In recent work (Shiue et al. Oncogene 28, 1833-42, 2009) we showed that the c-Myc oncoprotein induces changes in the higher order structure of rDNA chromatin in the nucleolus of growth stimulated quiescent rat cells. Here we show that c-Myc induces similar changes in human cells, that c-Myc plays a role in the overall structural integrity of the nucleolus and that c-Myc and its antagonistic partner Mad1 interact to program the epigenetic status of rDNA chromatin. These changes are discussed in relation to current knowledge about nucleolar structure as well as the organization of chromosomes and transcription factories in nuclear regions outside the nucleolus.