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Do warnings deter rather than produce more sophisticated malingering?

Kathryn Schenk1, Karen A Sullivan

  • 1School of Psychology and Counselling, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

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Summary

A high-level warning significantly reduced malingering in memory tests. Participants deterred from faking performed similarly to controls, suggesting warnings can effectively deter deceptive behavior in psychological assessments.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Psychology
  • Neuropsychological Assessment
  • Deterrence Theory

Background:

  • Previous research on warning effects in malingering studies has been atheoretical and potentially confounded warning with coaching.
  • The rational choice model of deterrence theory offers a theoretical framework to understand warning effects on deceptive behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of a theoretically grounded warning on malingering in memory assessments.
  • To differentiate between warning and coaching effects by providing no coaching to simulator participants.

Main Methods:

  • 78 participants were randomly assigned to control, unwarned simulator, or two warned simulator groups (low- and high-level warning intensity).
  • Participants received no coaching on how to feign cognitive deficits.
  • Malingering was assessed using the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) and Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III).

Main Results:

  • A high-level warning significantly reduced the likelihood of participants exaggerating memory deficits compared to unwarned simulators.
  • Participants deterred from malingering by a high-level warning performed comparably to the control group.
  • Exploratory analysis indicated that self-reported malingerers in the low-level warning group showed less impairment than unwarned simulators on some tests.

Conclusions:

  • A carefully designed warning, based on deterrence theory, can be an effective tool for reducing malingering rates in neuropsychological assessments.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the impact and optimal application of warning strategies in detecting malingering.