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Related Concept Videos

Portal Hypertension01:22

Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Ascites01:19

Ascites

DefinitionAscites is the buildup of fluid inside the peritoneal cavity. It occurs when fluid moves out of the vascular system faster than the peritoneal lymphatics can remove it. This fluid shift is most commonly seen in liver cirrhosis but can also appear in several other systemic disorders.EtiologyCirrhosis remains the leading cause of ascites. Other conditions that can contribute include:Heart failureConstrictive pericarditisAbdominal cancersNephrotic syndromeSevere protein–calorie...
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Laparoscopic Anatomical Right Hemihepatectomy via the In Situ Anterior Approach
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Hepatic hydrothorax.

Pradeep Kumar Siddappa1, Premashish Kar

  • 1Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India. grayneo@yahoo.com

Tropical Gastroenterology : Official Journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation
|March 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatic hydrothorax, a pleural effusion in cirrhotic patients, is diagnosed by excluding other causes. Advanced liver disease often necessitates liver transplantation, but treatments like TIPS offer a bridge.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Pulmonology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Hepatic hydrothorax is significant pleural effusion (>500 mL) in cirrhotic patients without cardiac or pulmonary disease.
  • It occurs in 4-6% of cirrhosis patients, up to 10% with decompensated cirrhosis.
  • Often presents with unilateral effusion, typically right-sided, and may occur without ascites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define hepatic hydrothorax and its diagnostic considerations.
  • To outline the prevalence and association with advanced liver disease and portal hypertension.
  • To review current and emerging treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnostic criteria for hepatic hydrothorax.
  • Epidemiological data on prevalence in cirrhosis.
  • Review of pathogenesis and treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Hepatic hydrothorax is linked to advanced liver disease and portal hypertension.
  • Liver transplantation is frequently required for management.
  • Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) and thoracoscopy show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatic hydrothorax requires high suspicion in cirrhotic patients with pleural effusion.
  • Management often involves bridging therapies towards liver transplantation.
  • Interventional procedures like TIPS offer new treatment avenues.