Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

Mumps outbreak in the Republic of Moldova, 2007-2008

Norbert G Schwarz1, Helen Bernard, Anatolie Melnic

  • 1Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Départment des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|March 24, 2010
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Low effectiveness of single-dose mumps vaccination led to a nationwide outbreak. Two doses of the MMR vaccine were found to be effective, offering crucial protection against mumps.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Moldova experienced a widespread mumps outbreak from 2007-2008.
  • Vaccination policies shifted from single-dose mumps vaccine (1983) to a two-dose MMR schedule (2002).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the extent of the mumps outbreak.
  • To investigate the roles of primary and secondary vaccine failure.
  • To provide evidence-based control recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of national mumps surveillance and vaccination data.
  • Estimation of vaccine effectiveness (VE) using the screening method.
  • Retrospective cohort study in educational institutions to determine age-specific attack rates (ARs) and VE.
  • Mumps virus strain isolation and genotyping.

Main Results:

  • Over 31,000 mumps cases were reported, predominantly in 15- to 24-year-olds.
  • The majority of cases (92%) had received only one dose of the mumps vaccine.
  • Single-dose mumps vaccine effectiveness declined significantly with age, from 91% in 2-year-olds to 72% in 15- to 19-year-olds.
  • Two-dose MMR vaccine effectiveness was 62% in 13- to 15-year-olds.
  • Mumps virus genotype G5 was identified, with higher attack rates observed with Urabe strains compared to Leningrad-Zagreb strains.

Conclusions:

  • The primary driver of the mumps outbreak was the low effectiveness of the single-dose mumps vaccination strategy.
  • Waning immunity may have contributed to the outbreak's dynamics.
  • The risk of mumps infection remained low among individuals who received two doses of the vaccine.
  • Countries with substantial populations receiving fewer than two mumps vaccine doses may be susceptible to similar outbreaks.

More Related Videos

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Antigen-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Specific Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae06:04

Antigen-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Specific Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Published on: February 24, 2023

Related Concept Videos

Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.