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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...

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Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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Published on: October 11, 2016

Synchronous detection of randomly phase-modulated interferograms.

G J Aitken, J Gay, A Journet

    Applied Optics
    |March 24, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Synchronous detection of interferograms with random phase modulation is analyzed for varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The study details phase estimation accuracy and optimal averaging times for precise phase tracking.

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    Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

    Measurement of X-ray Beam Coherence along Multiple Directions Using 2-D Checkerboard Phase Grating
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    Area of Science:

    • Optical interferometry
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Interferometry is crucial for precise measurements.
    • Phase modulation introduces complexity in signal detection.
    • Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) significantly impacts measurement accuracy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze synchronous detection of randomly phase-modulated interferograms.
    • To investigate performance under low and high SNR conditions.
    • To determine optimal parameters for phase estimation and tracking.

    Main Methods:

    • Examined synchronous detection techniques.
    • Analyzed phase estimation with long averaging.
    • Investigated SNR effects on phase accuracy (sigma(phi)).

    Main Results:

    • Phase estimates show (time x bandwidth)(-1) dependence.
    • Useful results achieved with low SNR and sigma(phi) < pi.
    • Identified optimum averaging times for high SNR phase tracking.

    Conclusions:

    • Synchronous detection is viable for phase-modulated interferograms across SNR levels.
    • Phase estimation accuracy is dependent on averaging time and bandwidth.
    • Methodology provides a framework for optimizing interferometric measurements.