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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
11:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

High sensitivity operation of discrete solid state detectors at 4 K.

G H Rieke, E F Montgomery, M J Lebofsky

    Applied Optics
    |March 24, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers optimized solid-state detectors for 4 K operation using junction field-effect transistor (JFET) amplifiers. This advancement achieves a noise equivalent power (NEP) of ~10(-16) Hz(-1/2) for infrared detection.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
    11:27

    Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

    Published on: December 8, 2016

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Solid-state physics
    • Infrared spectroscopy
    • Cryogenic engineering

    Background:

    • Discrete solid-state detectors require specialized amplifiers for low-temperature operation.
    • Optimizing amplifier performance is crucial for minimizing noise in sensitive measurements.
    • Junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) are commonly used for detector amplification due to their low noise characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe techniques for operating discrete solid-state detectors at cryogenic temperatures (4 K).
    • To optimize junction field-effect transistor (JFET) amplifiers for enhanced detector performance.
    • To evaluate the noise equivalent power (NEP) of detector systems across a specific spectral range.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of optimized junction field-effect transistor (JFET) amplifiers.
    • Operation of discrete solid-state detectors at a temperature of 4 K.
    • Characterization of detector performance across the 0.6-4-micrometer spectral range.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a noise equivalent power (NEP) of approximately 10(-16) Hz(-1/2) for two detector types.
    • Demonstrated potential for performance improvement in a third detector type.
    • Anticipated lower NEPs at longer infrared wavelengths.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimized JFET amplifiers enable high-performance solid-state detector operation at 4 K.
    • The developed techniques provide a noise equivalent power (NEP) suitable for sensitive infrared measurements.
    • Future work can focus on extending these techniques to longer infrared wavelengths for even lower NEPs.