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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
Absorption of Radiation01:05

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Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy01:12

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in its path. The electric field in the radiation can interact with electrical charges in the atoms or molecules in the matter. On the other hand, the magnetic field can interact with the magnetic field in the atomic nucleus. The study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is termed spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study...
Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Published on: June 8, 2015

Ocean-atmosphere interface: its influence on radiation.

G N Plass, T J Humphreys, G W Kattawar

    Applied Optics
    |March 24, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The ocean-atmosphere interface significantly impacts light distribution underwater. Sufficient atmospheric and oceanic optical properties are crucial for accurate radiance distribution, affecting underwater visibility and heating rates.

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    Construction of a Compact Low-Cost Radiation Shield for Air-Temperature Sensors in Ecological Field Studies

    Published on: November 6, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Ocean optics
    • Atmospheric physics
    • Radiative transfer

    Background:

    • The ocean-atmosphere interface critically influences light propagation.
    • Existing models often oversimplify the factors affecting underwater radiance distribution.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the influence of the ocean-atmosphere interface on radiance distribution.
    • To identify key factors beyond simple reflection and refraction that govern underwater light fields.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of radiance distribution below the ocean surface at visible wavelengths.
    • Modeling considering atmospheric optical thickness and oceanic absorption.
    • Comparison of radiance in homogeneous media versus media with an interface.
    • Calculations for Rayleigh and Mie scattering.

    Main Results:

    • Downwelling radiance peaks within the critical angle, decreasing significantly towards the horizon.
    • Atmospheric optical thickness and water absorption are critical for realistic radiance distribution.
    • Deviations from these conditions lead to drastically different light field behaviors.
    • Variations in radiance, irradiance, distribution function, reflectance, and heating rate with depth were analyzed.

    Conclusions:

    • The interplay between the atmosphere and ocean is complex and vital for underwater light fields.
    • Accurate modeling requires considering both atmospheric scattering and oceanic absorption.
    • Understanding these factors is essential for predicting underwater visibility and thermal processes.