Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Lung structural cells are altered by infeluenza virus leading to rapid immune protection following re-challenge.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

MHC heterozygosity limits T cell receptor variability in CD4 T cells.

Science immunology·2024
Same author

Lung influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cell location and optimal cytokine production are dependent on interactions with lung antigen-presenting cells.

Mucosal immunology·2024
Same author

Aire mediates tolerance to insulin through thymic trimming of high-affinity T cell clones.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024
Same author

Triphasic production of IFN<i>γ</i> by innate and adaptive lymphocytes following influenza A virus infection.

Discovery immunology·2023
Same author

Vaccine-elicited B- and T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is impaired in chronic lung disease patients.

ERJ open research·2023
Same journal

Epidermal Dominance of Metabolically Constrained Immune Niches Underpins Immune Activation Signatures and Clinical Severity in Psoriatic Disease.

Immunology·2026
Same journal

Thymic APC Networks Orchestrate T-Cell Selection: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Immune Disorders.

Immunology·2026
Same journal

Immune Checkpoints in Leukaemia as Gatekeepers of Immuno-Modulation.

Immunology·2026
Same journal

Senescent Human Liver Endothelial Cells Mediate CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cell Recruitment via ICOSL.

Immunology·2026
Same journal

The Transcription Factor EGR2 Plays a Central Role in the Expansion and Function of TCRαβ<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>-</sup>CD8<sup>-</sup> Double Negative T Cells in lpr Lupus Mice.

Immunology·2026
Same journal

Epigenetic Gene Networks Governing Immune State Transitions Across the Lifespan.

Immunology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Memory CD4 T cells: generation, reactivation and re-assignment.

Megan K L MacLeod1, John W Kappler, Philippa Marrack

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Denver, CO, USA. macleodm@njhealth.org

Immunology
|March 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunological memory, crucial for adaptive immunity, involves memory CD4 T cells. Recent research explores their generation, survival signals, and functional roles upon reactivation, though their utility remains debated.

More Related Videos

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity, providing protection against reinfection.
  • Memory CD4 T cells are critical for adaptive immune responses but remain incompletely understood.
  • Key questions persist regarding their generation, survival, and functional significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding memory CD4 T cell generation and survival.
  • To explore the functional relevance and reactivation dynamics of memory CD4 T cells.
  • To discuss the potential plasticity of memory CD4 T cell effector functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on T cell memory.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involved in T cell survival.
  • Discussion of in vivo reactivation models for CD4 T cells.

Main Results:

  • Progress has been made in identifying factors that promote entry into the memory pool.
  • Signals crucial for memory CD4 T cell survival have been elucidated.
  • The precise utility and in vivo reactivation responses of memory CD4 T cells are still under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding memory CD4 T cell generation and survival is advancing.
  • Further research is needed to clarify their role in protective immunity and potential for functional plasticity.
  • The functional contribution of memory CD4 T cells to adaptive immunity requires deeper investigation.