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Group Design

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Sun protection at elementary schools: a cluster randomized trial.

Seft Hunter¹, Kymia Love-Jackson, Rania Abdulla

¹Department of Family Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 13, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

|March 25, 2010

Summary

A school-based intervention significantly increased fourth-grade students' hat use during school hours. However, it did not impact reported hat use outside of school or skin pigmentation levels.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Pediatrics
Dermatology

Background:

Elementary schools are key settings for childhood sun exposure.
These schools also offer opportunities for sun safety educational interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention promoting hat use among fourth-grade students.
To assess the intervention's impact on hat usage both at school and outside of school.
To explore potential physiological effects on skin pigmentation.

Main Methods:

A cluster randomized trial involving 22 elementary schools and over 2,400 fourth-grade students.
Intervention schools received educational sessions and free wide-brimmed hats.
Hat use was measured by direct observation at school and self-report outside of school. Skin pigmentation was measured in a subgroup.

Main Results:

Hat use at intervention schools increased significantly from baseline (2%) to spring (41%) (P < .001).
Hat use at control schools remained low throughout the study (0-2%).
No significant changes were observed in self-reported hat use outside of school or in skin pigmentation measures.

Conclusions:

The educational intervention effectively increased fourth-grade students' hat use within the school environment.
The intervention did not influence students' self-reported hat use outside of school.
No physiological effects on skin pigmentation were detected from the intervention.