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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

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Translational control in cancer.

Deborah Silvera1, Silvia C Formenti, Robert J Schneider

  • 1Department of Microbiology, New York, New York 10016, USA.

Nature Reviews. Cancer
|March 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Cancer progression relies on mRNA translation and protein synthesis. Targeting these processes, including specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs), offers new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • mRNA translation and protein synthesis play critical roles in cancer development and progression.
  • Translational control influences global protein synthesis and the selective translation of specific mRNAs.
  • Alterations in translation factors are observed across various cancer types, stages, and tumor microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of mRNA translation and protein synthesis in human cancer.
  • To highlight the multifaceted nature of translational control in cancer.
  • To discuss emerging clinical efforts targeting translational mechanisms for cancer therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on mRNA translation in cancer.

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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

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  • Analysis of the mechanisms underlying translational control in tumorigenesis.
  • Examination of clinical trials targeting translational components.

    • Main Results:

    • Translational control is a key driver of cancer cell survival, angiogenesis, transformation, invasion, and metastasis.
    • Specific alterations in translation factors and mRNA elements are cancer-type and stage-dependent.
    • Targeting translational machinery presents a promising therapeutic avenue.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding mRNA translation is crucial for comprehending cancer biology.
    • Targeting specific translational mechanisms offers novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
    • Further research into translational control could lead to more effective cancer therapies.