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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation01:25

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation

Fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are two types of instruments used for measuring molecular fluorescence. These instruments differ in how they select excitation and emission wavelengths and the type of light sources they utilize. Fluorometers use absorption interference filters to choose excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation source in a fluorometer is typically a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that emits intense lines distributed throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
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IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Scintillation at two optical frequencies.

W B Hubbard, H J Reitsema

    Applied Optics
    |March 25, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Atmospheric turbulence causes star twinkling (scintillation). This study used simultaneous multi-wavelength observations to analyze turbulence, finding it primarily occurs at specific atmospheric pressures and may deviate from standard models.

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    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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    Published on: June 8, 2018

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    Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

    Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
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    Published on: March 20, 2017

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • * Astronomy and Astrophysics
    • * Atmospheric Physics
    • * Fluid Dynamics

    Background:

    • * Stellar scintillation, or the twinkling of stars, is caused by atmospheric turbulence.
    • * Understanding atmospheric turbulence is crucial for astronomical observations and space communication.
    • * Previous studies often assumed simplified models for atmospheric turbulence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To analyze stellar scintillation data to characterize atmospheric turbulence.
    • * To determine the altitude and properties of turbulent layers in the Earth's atmosphere.
    • * To investigate potential deviations from Kolmogorov turbulence models.

    Main Methods:

    • * Simultaneous photometric measurements at two wavelengths (0.475 and 0.870 micrometers) using a photon-counting photometer at 100 Hz.
    • * Employed orientable apertures to measure atmospheric wind direction and velocity.
    • * Utilized atmospheric dispersion to reconstruct the spatial cross-correlation function of scintillations.

    Main Results:

    • * Scintillation power was predominantly generated by atmospheric layers at pressures of 130 +/- 30 mbar.
    • * Evidence suggests a complex atmospheric velocity field.
    • * Data showed partial consistency with isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence, but indicated possible deviations in spectral index and/or anisotropy.

    Conclusions:

    • * The study provides a detailed characterization of atmospheric turbulence using stellar scintillation.
    • * Identified specific pressure levels contributing most significantly to scintillation.
    • * Findings suggest that atmospheric turbulence may not always adhere strictly to Kolmogorov's model, highlighting the need for more complex models.