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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function
07:30

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function

Published on: December 7, 2019

Cell fusion-induced reprogramming.

Jeong Tae Do1, Hans R Schöler

  • 1CHA Stem Cell Institute & CHA Biotech, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell fusion efficiently reprograms somatic cells into a pluripotent state. This process reactivates the Oct4 gene, confirmed by GFP signal in hybrid cells derived from somatic and embryonic stem cells.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomic reprogramming

Background:

  • Genomic reprogramming restores pluripotency to differentiated cells.
  • Cell fusion is one of five methods for achieving genomic reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the efficiency of cell fusion for pluripotential reprogramming.
  • To confirm the identity of reprogrammed cells as cell fusion hybrids.

Main Methods:

  • Fusion of double transgenic (OG2/ROSA26) somatic cells with pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells.
  • Monitoring Oct4 gene reactivation via GFP signal from the Oct4-GFP transgene.
  • Confirmation of somatic cell genome presence in resulting hybrid cells.

Main Results:

  • Oct4 gene reactivation occurred within 1-2 days post-fusion.
  • GFP-positive ES-like colony-forming cells contained the somatic cell genome.
  • This confirmed the successful generation of cell fusion hybrids.

Conclusions:

  • Fusion-induced reprogramming is an efficient method for achieving pluripotency.
  • Cell fusion successfully generates hybrid cells retaining the somatic cell genome and exhibiting pluripotency markers.