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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the goblet,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Tractable In Vivo Reprogramming of Tumor Cells to Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell-like Cells
10:04

Tractable In Vivo Reprogramming of Tumor Cells to Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell-like Cells

Published on: August 1, 2025

Reprogramming of B cells.

César Cobaleda1

  • 1Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. ccobalhz@usal.es

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mature B lymphocytes exhibit remarkable plasticity, enabling their dedifferentiation into multipotent progenitors. This cellular plasticity allows for reprogramming into alternative cell types, such as T cells or macrophages, offering new therapeutic avenues.

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Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors
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Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Tractable In Vivo Reprogramming of Tumor Cells to Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell-like Cells
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Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors
09:45

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Published on: January 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cellular reprogramming relies on inherent cell plasticity and epigenetic mechanisms.
  • The plasticity of a cell dictates the success of reprogramming into a new fate.
  • B lymphocytes are known for their significant plasticity during development and in experimental settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the biological basis of B cell plasticity in physiological and pathological contexts.
  • To present a practical protocol for dedifferentiating mature B cells into multipotent progenitors.
  • To demonstrate the potential for reprogramming these progenitors into alternative cell lineages.

Main Methods:

  • Review of B cell biology and plasticity mechanisms.
  • Description of a laboratory protocol for B cell dedifferentiation.
  • Analysis of subsequent reprogramming of dedifferentiated cells into T cells and macrophages.

Main Results:

  • B lymphocytes possess a high degree of inherent plasticity.
  • Mature B cells can be successfully dedifferentiated into multipotent progenitors.
  • These progenitors can be further reprogrammed into distinct cell lineages.

Conclusions:

  • B cell plasticity is a key factor enabling cellular reprogramming.
  • The presented protocol offers a viable method for generating multipotent progenitors from B cells.
  • This approach holds potential for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies.