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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:09

Coagulation

The coagulation phase is a critical part of the body's process to prevent blood loss following injury to blood vessels. It involves chemical reactions that form a clot to seal the injured area. The clotting process begins shortly after injury, within 15-20 seconds for severe damage and 1-2 minutes for minor injuries.
During the coagulation phase, clotting factors, or procoagulants, play a vital role in initiating and progressing the coagulation cascade. This cascade is a series of reactions...
Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
Introduction to Hemostasis01:05

Introduction to Hemostasis

Hemostasis is a complex physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. It's crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system, as it ensures that our blood remains fluid while still within the vascular network and yet clots to prevent blood loss upon vessel injury.
The three phases of hemostasis involve many clotting factors present in plasma and several substances released by platelets and injured tissue cells. It is a fast, localized, and...
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis01:20

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis

Blood clotting or coagulation involves extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which ultimately merge into the common pathway, forming a fibrin clot.
The Extrinsic Pathway
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is typically initiated by tissue damage that exposes blood to tissue factor (TF), a protein released by the damaged tissue cells outside the blood vessels—this interaction with TF triggers biochemical reactions involving specific clotting factors. The key player here is Factor VII, which forms a...
Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

The Nijmegen Hemostasis Assay: Simultaneous Fluorogenic Measurement of Thrombin and Plasmin Generation in a Single Well
08:01

The Nijmegen Hemostasis Assay: Simultaneous Fluorogenic Measurement of Thrombin and Plasmin Generation in a Single Well

Published on: February 27, 2026

International reference standards in coagulation.

Sanj Raut1, Anthony R Hubbard

  • 1Haemostasis Section, Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre for the Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN63QG, UK. Sanj.Raut@nibsc.hpa.org.uk

Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization
|March 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate measurement of coagulation factors requires comparative bioassays. Harmonizing results globally relies on World Health Organization (WHO) International Standards for reliable calibration and consistent laboratory agreement.

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Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro
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A Microfluidic Flow Chamber Model for Platelet Transfusion and Hemostasis Measures Platelet Deposition and Fibrin Formation in Real-time
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Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro
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Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro

Published on: March 19, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Hematology
  • Laboratory Medicine

Background:

  • Coagulation factor activity measurement is challenging due to the lack of absolute physico-chemical techniques.
  • Estimation relies on comparative bioassays against reference standards, which can introduce variability.
  • Inconsistent local reference standards lead to poor inter-laboratory agreement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the principles, practices, and challenges of biological standardization for coagulation factor assays.
  • To highlight the development and application of reference standards, particularly WHO International Standards.
  • To emphasize the role of international standards in harmonizing laboratory measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Review of principles and practices in biological standardization.
  • Discussion of reference standard development and utilization for coagulation factor assays.
  • Focus on World Health Organization (WHO) International Standards for plasma and concentrates.

Main Results:

  • Variability in local reference standards hinders consistent laboratory results.
  • International Standards from WHO provide a common calibration source, crucial for harmonization.
  • WHO standards define the International Unit, enabling global measurement consistency.

Conclusions:

  • Biological standardization is essential for accurate coagulation factor assays.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) International Standards are vital for harmonizing measurements globally.
  • Consistent use of international standards improves inter-laboratory agreement and reliability.