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Walking while using a sensory tactile feedback system: potential use with a functional electrical stimulation
C A Phillips1, R J Koubek, D M Hendershot
1Department of Biomedical and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435.
Journal of Biomedical Engineering
|March 1, 1991
Summary
This study shows that tactile feedback can help spinal-cord-injured individuals using functional electrical stimulation (FES) orthoses to automatically control balance and walking pace. Training significantly improved performance, suggesting potential for subconscious control.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Rehabilitation Technology
- Neuroscience
Background:
- Functional electrical stimulation (FES) orthoses require visual monitoring for balance and gait control in spinal-cord-injured individuals.
- Lack of automatic control limits daily use of FES orthoses for standing and walking.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate a closed-loop sensory feedback system using vibrotactile feedback as a substitute for visual input.
- To test if tactile information can enable automatic balance and gait control with FES orthoses.
Main Methods:
- Eight blindfolded subjects ('imitators') received vibrotactile feedback to interpret a 'pace setter's' footfalls.
- Assessed information transfer for foot position and step anticipation.
- Analyzed performance across three training levels and two cognitive load conditions.
Main Results:
- Significant performance improvement was observed with higher training levels (P = 0.01).
- Cognitive load and its interaction with training did not significantly affect performance.
- The tactile feedback system successfully transferred sufficient information for gait interpretation.
Conclusions:
- The vibrotactile feedback system, combined with training, can provide paraplegic individuals with the necessary information to interpret their own steps.
- This system has the potential to enable subconscious and automatic control of FES orthoses for daily walking.
- Further development could lead to more independent mobility for individuals with spinal cord injuries.