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Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse

Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse

Published on: November 6, 2019

Multiprofessional committee on auditory health: COMUSA.

Doris Ruthy Lewis¹, Silvio Antonio Monteiro Marone, Beatriz C A Mendes

¹PUCSP, Brazil.

Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

|March 27, 2010

Summary

The Committee for Auditory Health (COMUSA) unites audiology, otolaryngology, and pediatrics professionals to improve auditory health across all age groups. This multidisciplinary committee ensures comprehensive hearing care strategies for diverse populations.

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Area of Science:

Audiology
Otolaryngology
Pediatrics
Public Health

Background:

Established in 2007, the Committee for Auditory Health (COMUSA) is a collaborative initiative.
It addresses the critical need for coordinated auditory health strategies.
The committee focuses on comprehensive hearing care across the lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a multiprofessional committee for auditory health.
To debate and approve hearing health actions for all age groups.
To foster collaboration among key professional societies.

Main Methods:

Multidisciplinary committee formation.
Inclusion of representatives from major audiology and medical societies.
Development of auditory health action plans.

Main Results:

COMUSA brings together speech therapy, otology, otorhinolaryngology, and pediatrics.
It covers auditory health for neonates, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly.
Key Brazilian professional societies are represented.

Conclusions:

COMUSA provides a vital platform for multiprofessional collaboration in auditory health.
The committee's structure ensures a holistic approach to hearing care.
It aims to enhance auditory health outcomes across all demographics.