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Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production
07:34

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Published on: June 15, 2014

Ash from a pulp mill boiler--characterisation and vitrification.

Ana S M Ribeiro1, Regina C C Monteiro, Erika J R Davim

  • 1Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|March 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pulp mill ash can be transformed into valuable glass materials. This ash-based glass exhibits stable thermal behavior and is safe for use as a building ecomaterial.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Waste Valorization
  • Glass Technology

Background:

  • Pulp mill boilers generate significant ash waste.
  • Characterization of this ash is crucial for potential reuse.
  • Valorization of industrial waste into added-value products is an environmental and economic goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of pulp mill ash for producing glassy materials.
  • To determine optimal conditions for ash vitrification.
  • To assess the properties and safety of the resulting glass.

Main Methods:

  • Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of pulp mill ash.
  • Addition of sodium oxide (Na2O) as a fluxing agent to promote vitrification.
  • Melting experiments at 1350°C with varying waste loads.
  • Characterization of the produced glass using differential thermal analysis and dilatometry.
  • Standard leaching tests for heavy metal assessment.

Main Results:

  • Pulp mill ash contains high SiO2 (82 wt%) primarily as quartz.
  • A batch with 80 wt% waste load melted into a homogeneous, transparent green glass with good workability.
  • The ash-based glass demonstrated stable thermal behavior.
  • Leaching tests confirmed heavy metal concentrations below regulatory limits.

Conclusions:

  • Vitrification of pulp mill ash with appropriate batch compositions can yield a viable glass product.
  • The produced ash-based glass possesses properties suitable for applications similar to conventional silicate glass.
  • This glass can be utilized as a sustainable building ecomaterial, contributing to waste valorization.