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Updated: Jun 14, 2026
Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Published on: August 9, 2024
Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis in the development of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma
Ludwig M Heindl1, Carmen Hofmann-Rummelt, Werner Adler
1Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. ludwig.heindl@uk-erlangen.de
Purpose:
To analyze whether tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis accompanies the development from premalignant conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) into invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva and to study its association with prognosis and other tumor characteristics.
Design:
Case-controlled, matched-pair cohort study.
Participants:
Twenty patients with invasive SCC were closely matched with 20 patients with high-grade CIN and 20 patients with low-grade CIN regarding tumor size, tumor location, tumor extension, and patients' age.
Methods:
Proliferating lymphatic vessels were identified using lymphatic vascular endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 and podoplanin as specific lymphatic endothelial markers and Ki-67 as proliferation marker. Baseline tumor characteristics included tumor size, tumor-to-limbus distance, tumor-to-fornix distance, 2009 TNM classification, tumor cell type, mitotic rate, and Ki-67 proliferation index. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses of recurrence-free survival were performed.
Main Outcome Measures:
Lymphatic vascular density (LVD) and relative lymphatic vascular area (RLVA) of proliferating lymphatic vessels within the tumor mass (intratumoral) and within an area < or = 500 microm from the tumor border (peritumoral), and its association with tumor characteristics and recurrence-free survival.
Results:
Intratumoral and peritumoral proliferating lymphatic vessels could be detected in all of the 60 conjunctival tumor samples. Invasive SCC revealed significantly higher values of intratumoral and peritumoral LVD and RLVA of proliferating lymphatics than high-grade or low-grade CIN (P < or = 0.001). Higher intratumoral lymphatic densities were significantly associated with larger tumor size (P=0.001), lower tumor-to-limbus distance (P=0.002), lower tumor-to-fornix distance (P=0.003), and higher TNM categories (P<0.001). Recurrence-free survival rates decreased significantly with higher intratumoral lymphatic densities (P<0.001). By multivariate Cox regression, large tumor size (hazard ratio 1.68, P=0.002) and high intratumoral lymphatic density (hazard ratio 1.10, P=0.046) were significant prognostic predictors of local recurrence.
Conclusions:
Development of conjunctival SCC from premalignant lesions is accompanied by the outgrowth of new conjunctival lymphatic vessels. This active tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis seems to be associated with an increased risk of local recurrence in patients with CIN and conjunctival invasive SCC.
Financial Disclosure(S):
The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
