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Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Published on: May 10, 2016

[Toxicologic blood emergency screening].

Sabine Cohen¹, Aurélie Manat, Benoit Dumont

¹Laboratoire de biochimie toxicologie, Centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite, Laboratoire LumTox, avenue des frères Lumière, Lyon.

Annales De Biologie Clinique

|March 30, 2010

Summary

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) offers a robust alternative for drug intoxication screening, detecting most molecules found by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (Remedi). However, GC-MS may miss certain drugs like beta-blockers.

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Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Published on: May 10, 2016

Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans

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Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Published on: November 7, 2014

Area of Science:

Clinical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Toxicology

Context:

Biorad's Remedi automated high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with UV detection is no longer marketed.
This necessitates alternative methods for detecting drug overdoses in clinical toxicology.

Purpose:

To develop and evaluate a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method as a replacement for the Remedi system.
To compare the performance of GC-MS with the Remedi system for detecting and approximating drug overdoses in blood samples.

Summary:

GC-MS identified all molecules detected by Remedi in 75.8% of 287 blood samples, including additional substances like paracetamol and benzodiazepines.
GC-MS showed a lack of sensitivity for opiates and did not detect beta-blockers in 24.2% of cases.
Concordance in overdose interpretation between GC-MS and Remedi was 84.3%, with a 15.7% discrepancy.

Impact:

GC-MS is a robust, fast, and relatively simple technique for toxicologic screening in acute intoxications.
The method requires supplementation with HPLC-UV if beta-blockers are suspected.
This provides a viable alternative for drug overdose detection, aiding clinical decision-making.