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Related Concept Videos

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of many...
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Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Microfluidic Tools for Probing Fungal-Microbial Interactions at the Cellular Level
08:19

Microfluidic Tools for Probing Fungal-Microbial Interactions at the Cellular Level

Published on: June 23, 2022

Medically important bacterial-fungal interactions.

Anton Y Peleg1, Deborah A Hogan, Eleftherios Mylonakis

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. apeleg@bidmc.harvard.edu

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|March 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human body hosts diverse bacteria and fungi. Imbalances or invasions by pathogens can cause disease, highlighting the importance of understanding these microbial interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Health
  • Pathogenesis

Background:

  • The human body harbors a complex ecosystem of bacteria and fungi in both health and disease.
  • Microbial interactions are dynamic, influenced by host and microbial factors.
  • Dysbiosis, or imbalance, in microbial communities can lead to disease states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical and molecular aspects of bacterial-fungal interactions.
  • To elucidate the role of these interactions in human diseases.
  • To provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms involving microbial communities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical and molecular studies.
  • Analysis of host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions.
  • Synthesis of data on bacterial and fungal roles in disease.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial-fungal interactions are critical in maintaining homeostasis or driving disease.
  • Opportunistic pathogens can disrupt microbial balance, leading to infections.
  • Specific molecular mechanisms govern these inter-kingdom relationships.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding bacterial-fungal interactions is essential for diagnosing and treating human diseases.
  • Targeting microbial communities offers potential therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into microbial ecology and pathogenesis is warranted.