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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
Tissue Homogenization and Cell Lysis01:32

Tissue Homogenization and Cell Lysis

Tissue homogenization involves disintegrating tissue architecture and lysing cells, and is an early step in isolating and analyzing cellular components. The method used for homogenization depends on the sample type, the amount of sample available, the analyte to be obtained, and the sensitivity of the method. These methods are broadly classified as mechanical and non-mechanical methods.
Mechanical methods of tissue homogenization
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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy
03:56

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy

Published on: September 13, 2022

Lithotripsy.

T G Leighton1, R O Cleveland

  • 1Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. T.G.Leighton@soton.ac.uk

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine
|March 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) fragments kidney stones non-invasively. Despite its history, SWL mechanisms and kidney injury risks remain debated, impacting its current use.

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Published on: May 9, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) revolutionized kidney stone treatment as a non-invasive option.
  • Initially perceived as routine, SWL's underlying mechanisms and optimal sound fields remain subjects of research and debate.
  • Concerns exist regarding potential long-term kidney injury from SWL, including new-onset hypertension, though this is also controversial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) technology.
  • To identify barriers and challenges hindering SWL's optimal performance.
  • To reassess SWL's potential as a safe and effective non-invasive kidney stone treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) mechanisms.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding SWL-induced kidney injury.
  • Comparative assessment of SWL with emerging minimally invasive techniques.

Main Results:

  • SWL mechanisms of action are still not fully understood despite extensive research.
  • Evidence suggests potential for kidney injury and long-term side effects like hypertension, though controversial.
  • The rise of ureteroscopic approaches is contributing to a decline in SWL utilization.

Conclusions:

  • Significant controversies persist regarding SWL's efficacy and safety profile.
  • Addressing knowledge gaps in SWL mechanisms and long-term effects is crucial.
  • SWL faces challenges in maintaining its role against newer, minimally invasive treatments for kidney stones.