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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
Bus Impedance Matrix01:24

Bus Impedance Matrix

Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
In the first circuit, all machine voltage sources are short-circuited, leaving only the prefault voltage source at the fault location. The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix can be determined by solving the nodal equations,...
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
Elements of Block Diagrams01:25

Elements of Block Diagrams

Block diagrams serve as a visual representation of the input-output relationships within a system. An illustrative example is a heating system, where the set temperature activates the furnace to warm the room to the desired level. Block diagrams are versatile, modeling linear systems through Laplace transform variables and nonlinear systems using time domain variables.
A block diagram typically includes essential elements such as comparators, blocks, and feedback loops. Each of these elements...
Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...
Integrator and Differentiator01:13

Integrator and Differentiator

Op-amp circuits have significant applications in various fields, including automotive engineering. One such application is cruise control systems in cars, where op-amp circuits are integral for maintaining a constant speed. In these systems, op-amps function as both integrators and differentiators.
An integrator within an op-amp circuit produces an output directly proportional to the integral of the input signal. This is achieved by replacing the feedback resistor in a typical inverting...

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Multiplexed Isothermal Amplification Based Diagnostic Platform to Detect Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue 1
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Published on: March 13, 2018

Enzyme-based multiplexer and demultiplexer.

Mary A Arugula1, Vera Bocharova, Jan Halámek

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and NanoBio Laboratory, Clarkson University, Potsdam New York 13699-5810, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|March 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enzyme systems were engineered to mimic digital multiplexer and demultiplexer functions. These biocatalytic circuits process biochemical signals, paving the way for advanced biosensing and bioactuating applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
  • Biochemical Signal Processing
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Traditional digital logic circuits rely on electronic components.
  • Biocatalytic systems offer potential for novel signal processing in biological contexts.
  • Enzyme cascades can be designed to perform complex functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate biocatalytic equivalents of digital multiplexer and demultiplexer circuits.
  • To utilize enzyme reactions for processing biochemical input signals.
  • To explore the potential of these systems in future biosensing and bioactuating applications.

Main Methods:

  • Mimicked a 2-to-1 multiplexer using glucose oxidase (GOx) and laccase (Lac) with pH as the addressing signal to control ferrocyanide oxidation.
  • Developed a 1-to-2 demultiplexer using GOx, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), with glucose as input and NAD(+) as the addressing signal to control output channels.
  • Employed enzyme cascades for selective activation of different output pathways based on input signals and addressing.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated multiplexer operation by selectively activating ferrocyanide oxidation using distinct enzyme inputs and pH control.
  • Achieved demultiplexer functionality by directing glucose input to specific output channels (ferrocyanide oxidation or NAD(+) reduction) via NAD(+) addressing.
  • Validated the precise control of biocatalytic signal routing through designed enzyme networks.

Conclusions:

  • Biocatalytic systems can effectively replicate digital logic functions like multiplexing and demultiplexing.
  • These enzyme-based circuits represent novel components for branched enzyme networks capable of processing complex biochemical signals.
  • The developed systems hold significant promise for the advancement of biosensing and bioactuating technologies.