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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Regulation of the Digestive System01:25

Regulation of the Digestive System

Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System I: Ingestion and Propulsion

The physiology of the gastrointestinal system begins with ingestion as food enters the mouth.

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A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
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Published on: April 28, 2016

Orexins and gastrointestinal functions.

M C Baccari1

  • 1Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 63, I-50134 Florence, Italy. mcaterina.baccari@unifi.it

Current Protein & Peptide Science
|April 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Orexins (OXA and OXB) regulate sleep, appetite, and energy. New research shows these neuropeptides also impact gastrointestinal functions through central and local actions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Orexins A (OXA) and B (OXB) are neuropeptides primarily known for regulating arousal, sleep-wake cycles, appetite, and energy homeostasis.
  • They are produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and act via two G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R).
  • Emerging evidence suggests orexins also influence gastrointestinal functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the central and peripheral actions of orexins on gastrointestinal functions.
  • To discuss the physiological roles of orexins in the gut based on recent findings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing animal studies on centrally-injected and endogenously released orexins.
  • Analysis of studies identifying orexins and their receptors in the enteric nervous system, mucosa, and smooth muscles.
  • Examination of research on orexin-induced effects on isolated gut preparations.

Main Results:

  • Central orexin administration stimulates gastric secretion and affects gastrointestinal motility.
  • Orexins and their receptors are present in the enteric nervous system, suggesting local regulatory roles.
  • Orexins can exert region-specific contractile or relaxant effects on the gut.

Conclusions:

  • Orexins play a significant role in regulating gastrointestinal functions through both central and peripheral mechanisms.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the physiological importance of orexin signaling in the gut.