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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Published on: June 16, 2020
Non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome
1Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. erkand@hss.edu
Abstract:
Only few studies have addressed the pathogenesis and treatment of the non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) such as thrombocytopenia, nephropathy, cardiac valve disease, cognitive dysfunction, skin ulcers, or diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. There is no consensus on the management of these manifestations; they may occur despite full-dose anticoagulation or may not improve if anticoagulation is initiated after their discovery. This brief review may help physicians in the management of the non-criteria manifestations of aPL.
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Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
