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Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Miscellaneous Factors

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Miscellaneous Factors

Drug distribution in the human body is a complex process influenced by various individual factors, including age, pregnancy, obesity, diet, body water composition, pH levels, and specific disease conditions.
Age plays a significant role due to differences in body composition among different age groups. Infants, for instance, have a higher proportion of total body water and lower albumin levels, a protein that binds drugs in the bloodstream. This unique composition in infants enhances the...

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: February 27, 2018

[Factors associated with mortality in cryptococcal meningitis].

Ji-qin Wu¹, Bin Xu, Xue-ting Ou

¹Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.

Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi

|April 2, 2010

Summary

Mortality in non-AIDS cryptococcal meningitis is linked to older age, delayed diagnosis, and severe symptoms. Initial treatment with amphotericin B significantly improves survival rates in these patients.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: February 27, 2018

A Contemporary Warming/Restraining Device for Efficient Tail Vein Injections in a Murine Fungal Sepsis Model

A Contemporary Warming/Restraining Device for Efficient Tail Vein Injections in a Murine Fungal Sepsis Model

Published on: November 6, 2020

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Neurology
Critical Care Medicine

Context:

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a serious fungal infection, particularly in non-AIDS patients.
Mortality rates for non-AIDS CM remain significant, necessitating identification of key prognostic factors.
Understanding these factors is crucial for improving patient outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Purpose:

To identify clinical and demographic factors associated with mortality in non-AIDS patients diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.
To evaluate the impact of diagnostic delays and specific therapeutic interventions on survival.
To determine independent predictors of both overall and cause-specific mortality.

Summary:

A retrospective review of 154 non-HIV CM cases identified advanced age (≥60 years), delayed diagnosis (>4 months), hematologic/solid malignancies, altered mental status (coma, herniation), and CSF drainage as mortality predictors.
Amphotericin B-based initial therapy and flucytosine-containing regimens were associated with increased survival.
Multivariate analysis confirmed age, diagnostic delay, coma, cerebral herniation, and non-amphotericin B therapy as independent predictors of mortality.

Impact:

Findings highlight the importance of timely diagnosis and aggressive management, including amphotericin B-based therapy, for non-AIDS CM patients.
Identifies high-risk patient groups (elderly, those with malignancies or neurological deficits) requiring closer monitoring.
Contributes to evidence-based guidelines for managing cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent individuals.