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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter
12:15

Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter

Published on: May 29, 2019

Oxidatively generated base damage to cellular DNA.

Jean Cadet1, Thierry Douki, Jean-Luc Ravanat

  • 1Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, SCIB-UMR-E (CEA/UJF) Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. jean.cadet@cea.fr

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|April 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate measurement of DNA damage from oxidative stress is now possible using advanced analytical methods. This enables better understanding of how lesions form and their implications for cellular health.

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Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Measuring oxidative DNA damage has been challenging for over 40 years due to a lack of precise analytical techniques.
  • Oxidative stress can lead to various DNA base lesions, impacting cellular function and potentially contributing to disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the formation mechanisms of single and clustered base lesions in cellular DNA.
  • To discuss the role of analytical methods in accurately quantifying oxidative DNA damage.
  • To provide information on nucleobase modifications from reactive aldehydes.

Main Methods:

  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or electrochemical detection (ECD).
  • Optimized DNA extraction protocols for sensitive lesion detection.
  • Analysis of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, UVA light, and one-electron oxidants.

Main Results:

  • Accurate measurement of 11 single base lesions formed by singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and UVC laser pulses.
  • Identification of clustered DNA lesions resulting from initial radical hits on bases or deoxyribose.
  • Characterization of nucleobase modifications induced by reactive aldehydes from lipid hydroperoxide breakdown.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced analytical techniques like HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-ECD allow precise quantification of oxidative DNA damage.
  • Understanding lesion formation mechanisms is crucial for assessing cellular responses to oxidative stress.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge on DNA damage and its origins.