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Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...

P-N junction

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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Biasing of P-N Junction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Nonlinear nonequilibrium quasiparticle relaxation in Josephson junctions.

¹Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. vladimir.krasnov@fysik.su.se

Physical Review Letters

|April 7, 2010

Summary

Nonlinear effects in stacked Josephson junctions are revealed, leading to enhanced boson emission and a new radiative state. This state enables direct conversion of electric power to light, potentially creating THz lasers.

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All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Superconductivity
Quantum Electronics

Background:

Stacked Josephson junctions exhibit complex nonequilibrium phenomena.
Nonlinearity in these systems is crucial for understanding exotic quantum effects.
Previous models often simplified the kinetic balance equations.

Purpose of the Study:

To numerically solve nonlinear kinetic balance equations for stacked Josephson junctions.
To analyze strongly nonequilibrium phenomena and identify novel nonlinear effects.
To explore potential applications in quantum devices and THz technology.

Main Methods:

Numerical solution of a full set of nonlinear kinetic balance equations.
Analysis of phenomena at even-gap voltages (V = 2nΔ/e).
Investigation of behavior under strong disequilibrium conditions.

Main Results:

Nonlinearity becomes significant even at small disequilibrium.
Observed overlapping of nonequilibrium bosonic bands at even-gap voltages, enhancing boson emission and causing tunnel conductance dips.
Discovered a new radiative solution at strong disequilibrium, where the junction acts as a light-emitting diode converting electrical power directly to boson emission.

Conclusions:

Nonlinear kinetic effects are fundamental in stacked Josephson junctions, even under mild disequilibrium.
A novel radiative state offers a direct pathway for electrical-to-optical energy conversion in superconductors.
This phenomenon holds promise for developing new superconducting cascade lasers in the THz frequency range.