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Related Concept Videos

Damped Oscillations01:07

Damped Oscillations

In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
Although friction and other non-conservative...
Types of Damping01:20

Types of Damping

If the amount of damping in a system is gradually increased, the period and frequency start to become affected because damping opposes, and hence slows, the back and forth motion (the net force is smaller in both directions). If there is a very large amount of damping, the system does not even oscillate; instead, it slowly moves toward equilibrium. In brief, an overdamped system moves slowly towards equilibrium, whereas an underdamped system moves quickly to equilibrium but will oscillate about...
Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave propagating...
Partial Differential Equations01:21

Partial Differential Equations

A stone dropped into a still pond generates waves that propagate outward in circular patterns, creating a dynamic surface whose elevation depends on both position and time. At any given location, the water level oscillates as the wave passes, while at any fixed moment, the surface exhibits smooth, curved structures extending across space. This dual dependence requires a mathematical description that accounts for variation in multiple variables simultaneously.At a fixed point on the water...
Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids00:51

Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids

Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound waves...
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
When measuring pressure at two different levels within the fluid, the difference in pressure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Hidden slow dynamics in water.

Helén Jansson1, Rikard Bergman, Jan Swenson

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a surprisingly slow relaxation process in water, significantly slower than typical structural changes. This finding, previously seen only in alcohols, suggests collective motion within hydrogen-bonded structures and impacts our understanding of water

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Structural and dynamical properties of water are crucial for life.
  • Despite its importance, a complete understanding of water's properties remains elusive.
  • Previous studies indicated slow relaxation processes in alcohols, attributed to collective hydrogen-bonded structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and identify novel relaxation processes in water.
  • To characterize the dynamics of water's hydrogen-bonded structures.
  • To explore the implications of observed dynamics on water's fundamental properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced spectroscopic techniques to probe water dynamics.
  • Analyzed relaxation processes across different timescales.

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  • Compared observed relaxation phenomena with known models for liquids.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified an anomalously slow Debye-like relaxation process in water.
    • This process is approximately 4 orders of magnitude slower than the viscosity-related structural relaxation.
    • The slow relaxation is analogous to processes observed in monoalcohols and polyalcohols.

    Conclusions:

    • Water exhibits a slow collective motion within its hydrogen-bonded network, previously uncharacterized.
    • This finding necessitates a re-evaluation of water's structural and dynamical models.
    • The discovery has significant implications for understanding water's role in biological and chemical systems.