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Calculations of Electric Potential II

Calculations of Electric Potential II

An electric dipole is a system of two equal but opposite charges, separated by a fixed distance. This system is used to model many real-world systems, including atomic and molecular interactions. One of these systems is the water molecule, but only under certain circumstances. These circumstances are met inside a microwave oven, where electric fields with alternating directions make the water molecules change orientation. This vibration is equivalent to heat at the molecular level.
Consider a...

Coulomb's Law and The Principle of Superposition

Coulomb's Law and The Principle of Superposition

Coulomb's Law describes the force experienced by two point charges under each other's presence. But what if there are more than two charges? For example, if there is a third charge, does it experience a force that is a simple combination of the individual forces due to the first two charges? Can it be described mathematically?
The Principle of Superposition answers the question. Yes, Coulomb's Law applies to each pair of charges, and the net force on each charge is the vector sum of the...

Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges

Electric Potential Energy of Two Point Charges

The electric potential energy of a test charge in a uniform eclectic field can be generalized to any electric field produced by static charge distribution. Consider a positive test charge in an electric field produced by another static positive charge. If the test charge is moved away from the static charge, then the electric field does the positive work on the test charge, and the electric potential energy of the test charge decreases as it moves away from the static charge. Here the electric...

Thermodynamic Potentials

Thermodynamic Potentials

Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...

Calculations of Electric Potential I

Calculations of Electric Potential I

Consider a ring of radius R with a uniform charge density λ. What will the electric potential be at point M, which is located on the axis of the ring at a distance x from the center of the ring?
The ring is divided into infinitesimal small arcs such that point M is equidistant from all the arcs. Here, the cylindrical coordinate system is used to calculate the electric potential at point M. A general element of the arc between angles θ and θ + dθ is of the length Rdθ and has a charge of λRdθ.

Coulomb's Law

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges involved.
Newton's third law applies to the Coulomb force — the force on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Static QCD potential at three-loop order.

C Anzai¹, Y Kiyo, Y Sumino

¹Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan.

Physical Review Letters

|April 7, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We calculated the gluon-only part of the static Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) potential up to the three-loop level. This calculation finishes the static potential analysis at this precision.

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Area of Science:

High-energy physics
Quantum Chromodynamics
Theoretical particle physics

Background:

The static Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) potential describes the interaction between heavy quarks.
Higher-order calculations are crucial for precise predictions in particle physics.

Purpose of the Study:

To compute the purely gluonic contribution to the static QCD potential at three-loop order.
To complete the three-loop calculation of the static potential.

Main Methods:

Perturbative QCD calculations.
Feynman diagrammatic techniques.
Renormalization group methods.

Main Results:

The purely gluonic contribution to the static QCD potential at three-loop order has been computed.
This result completes the static potential calculation at three-loop order.

Conclusions:

The three-loop static QCD potential is now fully determined.
This provides a more accurate theoretical input for processes involving heavy quarks.