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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
06:44

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Magnetic ordering in solid oxygen up to room temperature.

S Klotz1, Th Strässle, A L Cornelius

  • 1IMPMC, CNRS-UMR 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France. Stefan.Klotz@impmc.jussieu.fr

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oxygen (O2) exhibits unique magnetic properties. High-pressure studies reveal three distinct antiferromagnetic structures in the delta phase, indicating it

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Materials science
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Oxygen (O2) is unique as the only elemental molecule possessing an electronic magnetic moment.
  • Solid oxygen phases exhibit magnetic ordering upon cooling, with similar behavior anticipated under pressure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic ordering of solid oxygen under high pressure.
  • To characterize the magnetic structures within the delta phase of oxygen.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron diffraction was employed to probe magnetic ordering.
  • Experiments were conducted at high pressures (6-8 GPa) and temperatures (20-240 K).

Main Results:

  • Three distinct antiferromagnetic structures were identified in the delta phase of oxygen.
  • These structures differ in the stacking sequence of O2 sheets along the c axis.
  • The observed structural diversity is attributed to the quasi-two-dimensional nature of delta-O2 and anisotropic magnetic exchange interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The delta phase of oxygen displays complex magnetic ordering under high pressure.
  • Delta-O2 exhibits antiferromagnetism even at room temperature.
  • The findings highlight the influence of pressure and molecular orientation on magnetic properties.