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Related Concept Videos

Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
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Shape of fair weather clouds.

Yong Wang1, Giovanni Zocchi

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new model for cumulus cloud shapes, explaining them solely through thermal plumes. The model accurately represents cloud forms using fluid dynamics principles.

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Cloud Physics

Background:

  • Cumulus cloud formation and dynamics are complex phenomena.
  • Understanding cloud shapes is crucial for atmospheric modeling.
  • Existing models may not fully capture the role of thermal dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel model for cumulus cloud shapes.
  • To exclusively attribute cloud morphology to thermal plumes.
  • To validate the model against observed cloud characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a potential flow model for thermal plumes using sources and sinks.
  • Representing plumes as laminar but dynamically supportive structures.
  • Comparing model-generated cloud shapes with real clouds using shape descriptors.

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Main Results:

  • The model successfully accounts for cumulus cloud shapes.
  • Agreement was found between the model and actual clouds.
  • Shape descriptors, including fractal dimension, confirmed model validity.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal plumes are a sufficient basis for modeling cumulus cloud shapes.
  • The potential flow model provides a simplified yet effective representation.
  • This approach offers new insights into cloud dynamics and morphology.