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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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Human immunodeficiency virus-1 evolutionary patterns associated with pathogenic processes in the brain.

Susanna L Lamers1, Marco Salemi, Derek C Galligan

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This study examined brain tissues from 11 autopsies, finding reduced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evolution in non-dementia cases. This suggests a correlation between HIV evolutionary patterns and neuropathology in the HAART era.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The interplay between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and neuropathology in the brain during the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era remains under-investigated.
  • HIV-associated dementia (HAD) involves brain infection by HIV, driven by macrophage infiltration, but pre-dementia viral and cellular dynamics are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess HIV-1 DNA concentration and viral evolution in brain tissues from autopsies of patients treated with HAART.
  • To explore the relationship between HIV-1 evolutionary patterns in the brain and the presence or absence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and other neuropathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 66 brain tissue samples from 11 autopsies.
  • Quantification of HIV-1 DNA and amplification of HIV-1 nef, gp120, and gp41 sequences.
  • Comparison of viral evolution in brain tissues between patients with and without HAD.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 DNA was amplified from brain tissues in three non-HAD cases on HAART with other primary pathologies (cardiovascular disease, bacterial infections, AIDS-related lymphoma).
  • HIV-1 DNA was amplified from multiple tissues in two HAD patients.
  • Reduced HIV-1 sequence evolution was observed in brain tissues of non-HAD cases compared to HAD patients.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a potential correlation between the evolutionary patterns of HIV-1 within the brain and distinct neuropathologies.
  • Findings suggest that viral evolution in the brain may differ significantly depending on the presence or absence of HAD, even in patients on HAART.