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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Damping01:17

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...
Galvanometer01:24

Galvanometer

Common devices, including car instrument panels, battery chargers, and inexpensive electrical instruments, measure potential difference (voltage), current, or resistance using a d'Arsonval galvanometer. This electromechanical instrument is also known as a moving coil galvanometer.
The galvanometer consists of  two concave-shaped permanent magnets, providing a uniform radial magnetic field in the annular region. In the center, a pivoted coil of fine copper wire is placed in the uniform magnetic...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Quantifying the Relative Thickness of Conductive Ferromagnetic Materials Using Detector Coil-Based Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors
06:17

Quantifying the Relative Thickness of Conductive Ferromagnetic Materials Using Detector Coil-Based Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors

Published on: January 16, 2020

Metal-ceramic laminate composite magnetoelectric gradiometer.

V Bedekar1, M I Bichurin, S N Ivanov

  • 1Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|April 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel magnetoelectric (ME) gradiometer using nickel-PZT composites. The device demonstrates high sensitivity and bandwidth for magnetic field gradient detection.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Quantifying the Relative Thickness of Conductive Ferromagnetic Materials Using Detector Coil-Based Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors
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Published on: September 30, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Gradiometers measure magnetic field gradients, crucial for various sensing applications.
  • Magnetoelectric (ME) materials offer unique properties for magnetic field sensing.
  • Piezoelectric transformers can be utilized in advanced sensor designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and investigate a novel magnetoelectric (ME) gradiometer.
  • To utilize a ring-dot piezoelectric transformer structure for enhanced magnetic field gradient measurement.
  • To evaluate the sensitivity and bandwidth of the proposed ME gradiometer.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of nickel (Ni)-Pb(Zr,Ti)O(3) (PZT) composite ring-dot structures.
  • Utilizing the converse magnetoelectric effect for magnetic field interaction.
  • Measuring output voltage and frequency shift in response to applied magnetic fields near resonance.

Main Results:

  • The ME gradiometer demonstrated high sensitivity to magnetic field gradients.
  • The device exhibited a wide operational bandwidth.
  • Output voltage showed clear dependence on the applied magnetic field strength.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed Ni-PZT composite ME gradiometer with a ring-dot structure shows significant potential for sensitive magnetic field gradient detection.
  • The design achieves high sensitivity and bandwidth, suitable for advanced sensor applications.
  • The study highlights the effectiveness of piezoelectric transformer structures in ME gradiometry.