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Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomers02:32

Stereoisomers

On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to restricted...
Labeling DNA Probes03:31

Labeling DNA Probes

DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
Radioisotopes, fluorophores, or small molecule binding partners like biotin or digoxigenin, are the most widely used reporter tags for labeling DNA probes. These labels can be attached to the probe DNA molecule via...
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds02:33

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect01:13

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect

Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the mass differences between isotopes. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...

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Comprehensive Spatial Profiling of Species-agnostic Transcriptomes via Stereo-seq
10:22

Comprehensive Spatial Profiling of Species-agnostic Transcriptomes via Stereo-seq

Published on: October 31, 2025

SAIL--stereo-array isotope labeling.

Masatsune Kainosho1, Peter Güntert

  • 1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan. kainosho@nmr.chem.metro-u.ac.jp

Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
|April 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stereo-array isotope labeling (SAIL) improves nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for protein structure determination. This method enables analysis of larger proteins with enhanced spectral quality and automated data evaluation.

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Comprehensive Spatial Profiling of Species-agnostic Transcriptomes via Stereo-seq
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Tracing de novo Lipids using Stable Isotope Labeling LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Structural Biology
  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is crucial for determining 3D protein structures in solution.
  • Stable isotope labeling is essential for enhancing NMR sensitivity and resolution.
  • Current labeling methods face limitations in protein size and spectral complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of stable isotope labeling techniques for protein NMR.
  • To detail the Stereo-array isotope labeling (SAIL) technology.
  • To highlight the advantages of SAIL for structural biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of various stable isotope labeling strategies for proteins.
  • In-depth explanation of the principles and implementation of SAIL.
  • Discussion of spectral simplification and line sharpening achieved through SAIL.

Main Results:

  • SAIL enables stereospecific and regiospecific labeling of proteins.
  • SAIL results in sharpened NMR lines and simplified spectra without information loss.
  • SAIL facilitates rapid collection and automated evaluation of structural restraints.
  • SAIL allows for the determination of structures for proteins up to twice the size previously possible.

Conclusions:

  • SAIL is a powerful advancement in stable isotope labeling for protein NMR.
  • This technology significantly enhances the ability to solve high-quality solution structures of large proteins.
  • SAIL is expected to accelerate structural biology research by improving NMR efficiency and scope.