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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

Removing cross-phase modulation from midinfrared chirped-pulse upconversion spectra.

Kevin F Lee1, Patrick Nuernberger, Adeline Bonvalet

  • 1Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91128 Palaiseau, France.

Optics Express
|April 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Cross-phase modulation distorts mid-infrared spectra from chirped-pulse up-conversion. A new correction method recovers masked spectral lines, improving spectral resolution in various spectroscopy applications.

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Multiplex Chemical Imaging Based on Broadband Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Nonlinear Optics

Background:

  • Chirped-pulse up-conversion is a technique for generating mid-infrared light.
  • Cross-phase modulation can distort spectral measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of cross-phase modulation on mid-infrared spectra obtained by chirped-pulse up-conversion.
  • To develop and demonstrate a method for correcting spectral distortions caused by cross-phase modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of spectral distortions in mid-infrared chirped-pulse up-conversion.
  • Development of a correction method for masked spectral lines.
  • Experimental demonstration of the correction method in absorption spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Narrow spectral features are significantly distorted by cross-phase modulation.
  • The proposed correction method effectively recovers masked spectral lines.
  • The correction is applicable in multidimensional and absorption spectroscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-phase modulation poses a challenge for spectral resolution in chirped-pulse up-conversion.
  • A simple correction method can significantly improve spectral accuracy.
  • This technique enhances the utility of mid-infrared spectroscopy.