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Sub-wavelength grating mode transformers in silicon slab waveguides.

Przemek J Bock1, Pavel Cheben, Jens H Schmid

  • 1Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada. przemek.bock@nrc.ca

Optics Express
|April 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary

New sub-wavelength grating (SWG) structures enable efficient mode coupling in silicon waveguides. These structures minimize loss and higher-order mode excitation, simplifying fabrication and improving performance in optical devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Optical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • High index contrast slab waveguides are crucial for integrated optics.
  • Efficient mode coupling and transformation between waveguides of different geometries remain a challenge.
  • Minimizing loss and higher-order mode excitation is essential for device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce novel sub-wavelength grating (SWG) gradient index structures for efficient mode coupling.
  • To investigate SWG structures for adiabatic transitions between silicon-on-insulator waveguides.
  • To demonstrate reduced loss and higher-order mode excitation in optical devices.

Main Methods:

  • Design and simulation of SWG gradient index structures.
  • Utilizing 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations.

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  • Analyzing loss, polarization dependence, and higher-order mode excitation.
  • Proposing fabrication via a single etch step.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved efficient adiabatic transitions between silicon-on-insulator waveguides of different geometries and core thicknesses.
    • Demonstrated minimization of fundamental mode mismatch loss and coupling to higher-order modes.
    • Reduced polarization-dependent loss using two proposed solutions.
    • Showcased a significant loss reduction from -1.4 dB to < -0.2 dB at the slab-array interface for array waveguide gratings (AWGs).

    Conclusions:

    • SWG gradient index structures offer an effective solution for efficient mode coupling and transformation in slab waveguides.
    • The proposed structures are compatible with single-etch fabrication processes.
    • Implementation in AWGs leads to substantial reductions in insertion loss and higher-order mode excitation.