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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1
07:32

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1

Published on: September 5, 2016

HIV-1 assembly in macrophages.

Philippe Benaroch1, Elisabeth Billard, Raphaël Gaudin

  • 1Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; INSERM U932, Paris, F-75248 France. benaroch@curie.fr

Retrovirology
|April 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly in macrophages is not well understood. Unlike T cells, HIV-1 assembly in macrophages occurs in intracellular compartments, but their exact nature remains elusive.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
07:21

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Published on: June 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly mechanisms are poorly understood, particularly in macrophages, a key viral reservoir.
  • While HIV-1 assembly in T cells occurs at the plasma membrane, studies in macrophages suggest intracellular compartments are involved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of HIV-1 assembly in macrophages compared to T cells and cell lines.
  • To highlight the current understanding and remaining questions regarding the HIV-1 assembly compartment in macrophages.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature, including electron microscopy and immuno-electron microscopy studies.
  • Discussion of evidence related to the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery.
  • Consideration of recent findings on the viral compartment's properties and potential connections to the plasma membrane.

Main Results:

  • Early studies suggested HIV-1 assembly in macrophages occurs in late endosomal compartments.
  • Recent data challenge this, indicating a neutral pH compartment potentially connected to the plasma membrane.
  • The precise nature and biogenesis of this compartment remain elusive.

Conclusions:

  • The complete process of HIV-1 assembly in macrophages is still poorly understood.
  • Further research, aided by advanced imaging techniques, is needed to characterize the viral assembly compartment and its associated cellular proteins.
  • Understanding HIV-1 assembly in macrophages is crucial due to their role as a viral reservoir and in HIV-1 pathogenesis.