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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...
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Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Transmission of Pathogens01:24

Transmission of Pathogens

Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Visualizing Cell-to-cell Transfer of HIV using Fluorescent Clones of HIV and Live Confocal Microscopy
13:08

Visualizing Cell-to-cell Transfer of HIV using Fluorescent Clones of HIV and Live Confocal Microscopy

Published on: October 7, 2010

Virus cell-to-cell transmission.

Walther Mothes1, Nathan M Sherer, Jing Jin

  • 1Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, BCMM 335, New Haven, CT 06536, USA. walther.mothes@yale.edu

Journal of Virology
|April 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses spread efficiently by coordinating release and entry at cell-cell contacts, a distinct process enhancing infection. Understanding this viral cell-to-cell transmission mechanism aids in developing interventions.

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Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread

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Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread
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Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread

Published on: August 16, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Infectious Disease Transmission

Background:

  • Viral infections spread through various barriers, including cell-to-cell, tissue-to-tissue, and inter-species transmission.
  • The ability of viruses to exploit cell-cell contact is crucial for successful viral infections.
  • Cell-to-cell spread is increasingly recognized as a coordinated process, distinct from independent virus release and entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the model of coordinated virus release and entry at cell-cell contacts.
  • To illustrate how viruses utilize and manipulate cell adhesion molecules for transmission.
  • To discuss the mechanisms and driving forces behind directional viral spreading.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral cell-to-cell transmission mechanisms.
  • Analysis of viral strategies involving cell adhesion molecules.
  • Discussion of the biophysical principles governing directional viral spread.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports a model where virus release and entry are coordinated at cell-cell junctions.
  • Viruses actively manipulate host cell adhesion molecules to facilitate cell-to-cell spread.
  • Directional spreading is driven by specific molecular mechanisms and biophysical forces.

Conclusions:

  • Viral cell-to-cell transmission is an active, coordinated process, not merely a sum of individual steps.
  • Targeting virus manipulation of cell adhesion molecules offers potential intervention strategies.
  • A deeper understanding of viral cell-to-cell spread is key to controlling infectious diseases.