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Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are called the...

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

Published on: April 3, 2026

Training translators for smart drug discovery.

Carsten Skarke¹, Garret A FitzGerald

¹Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Science Translational Medicine

|April 9, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Expertise in translational medicine is declining in academia and industry. This study discusses strategies to rebuild this crucial human capital for advancing clinical medicine and therapeutics.

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Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Published on: February 23, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

Published on: April 3, 2026

Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Cost-Efficient Transcriptomic-Based Drug Screening

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

Pharmacology and clinical medicine
Translational science and therapeutics

Background:

Advances in clinical medicine require researchers skilled in pharmacology and preclinical research projection.
Expertise in translational medicine and therapeutics is currently lacking across academic, industrial, and regulatory sectors.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and discuss strategies for addressing the deficit in translational medicine expertise.
To propose solutions for rebuilding human capital in this critical scientific area.

Main Methods:

Literature review and expert discussion on the current state of translational science.
Analysis of factors contributing to the scarcity of translational expertise.
Development of strategic recommendations for human capital development.

Main Results:

Identified a significant decline in specialized translational medicine and therapeutics expertise.
Highlighted the impact of this deficit on clinical medicine advancement.
Proposed actionable strategies to cultivate and retain such expertise.

Conclusions:

Addressing the shortage of translational medicine experts is essential for future medical progress.
Implementing strategic initiatives is necessary to rebuild the necessary human capital.
Fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and training is key to bridging the preclinical-clinical research gap.