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Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs

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Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
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Drug Biotransformation: Overview

Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria
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Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria

Published on: October 25, 2024

Bendamustine: something old, something new.

Nishant Tageja1, Jasdeepa Nagi

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. ntageja@med.wayne.edu

Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology
|April 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Bendamustine combined with rituximab shows high efficacy in treating indolent lymphomas, with over 90% remission rates in relapsed-refractory patients. This combination is a promising new treatment option for follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria
07:50

Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Bendamustine is a bifunctional chemotherapeutic agent with antimetabolite properties and limited cross-resistance with other alkylators.
  • Its unique mechanism and favorable side-effect profile suggest a significant role in managing lymphoproliferative disorders.
  • Bendamustine is an orphan drug in the US, ensuring market exclusivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review data on the efficacy and toxicity of bendamustine in treating lymphoproliferative neoplasms.
  • To review bendamustine's pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pre-clinical studies.
  • To evaluate bendamustine's role in combination therapy for indolent lymphomas.

Main Methods:

  • Searched MEDLINE and Pubmed databases (1970-2010) using terms: bendamustine, Treanda, Ribomustin, etc.
  • Reviewed relevant articles and screened references for additional studies.
  • Searched American Society of Hematology (2004-2009) and American Society of Clinical Oncology (1995-2009) databases for abstracts.

Main Results:

  • Bendamustine induces remission in over 75% of rituximab-refractory indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients.
  • Bendamustine plus rituximab demonstrates synergistic effects against leukemia and lymphoma cell lines in vitro.
  • Clinical trials show bendamustine plus rituximab achieves over 90% remission and 23-24 months median progression-free survival in relapsed-refractory indolent lymphoma.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of bendamustine and rituximab shows potential as a new first-line treatment for follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and indolent lymphomas.
  • Ongoing trials will further define bendamustine's optimal role in indolent NHL.
  • Bendamustine is well-tolerated with a low propensity for alopecia.