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Updated: Jun 14, 2026
Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
Published on: April 27, 2016
Endothelial function: the impact of objective and subjective socioeconomic status on flow-mediated dilation
Denise C Cooper1, Milos S Milic, Paul J Mills
1Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA. dccooper@ucsd.edu
Background:
Although objective and subjective indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) are linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), little is known about their relationship to endothelial dysfunction, which often precedes CVD.
Purpose:
This study examined how objective and subjective SES relate to brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD).
Methods:
FMD was assessed in 72 healthy adults (mean age 36 years). The MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status assessed perceived social standing in the USA (SSS-USA) and local community (SSS-Community). Objective SES measures included income and the Hollingshead Two-Factor Index of Social Position (education, occupation).
Results:
Adjusted regressions revealed that SSS-Community positively correlated with FMD (p < 0.05) and explained 8% of the variance. No other SES measures were significant for FMD. The association between FMD and SSS-Community remained significant (p < 0.01) after adjustment for objective SES and other covariates.
Conclusions:
Lower subjective social status in one's community may be linked to CVD via impaired vasodilation.
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