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Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...
Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems01:19

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a non-isolated system, the change in the internal energy is zero only if the process is cyclic. A thermodynamic process is considered cyclic if the system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its initial state. 
Consider a cyclic process that returns to its initial state, undergoing a four-step process. The heat transfer along each path...

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
11:54

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

Closing the loop.

E Dassau1, E Atlas, M Phillip

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. dassau@engineering.ucsb.edu

International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement
|April 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The artificial pancreas aims to automate diabetes management by continuously monitoring glucose levels and delivering insulin. Recent advancements in continuous glucose sensors have revived efforts to create closed-loop systems for improved patient care.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes requires lifelong, intensive management including frequent insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring.
  • The daily burden of diabetes care limits patients' spontaneity and quality of life.
  • The concept of an artificial pancreas, or closed-loop system, has been pursued since the 1960s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent publications and advancements in artificial pancreas technology.
  • To highlight key developments and inspire further research in closed-loop diabetes management.
  • To explore different approaches to glucose sensing and insulin delivery in artificial pancreas systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on artificial pancreas development.
  • Analysis of various closed-loop system designs, focusing on control algorithms.
  • Examination of different glucose measurement and insulin delivery methods (e.g., subcutaneous, intraperitoneal).

Main Results:

  • Continuous glucose sensors have revitalized research and development in artificial pancreas technology.
  • Most proposed systems incorporate glucose sensing, insulin delivery, and a decision-making computer.
  • Variations exist in control algorithms, glucose measurement sites, and insulin delivery methods.

Conclusions:

  • The development of artificial pancreas systems is progressing, offering hope for reduced patient burden.
  • Continued innovation in control algorithms and sensing/delivery technologies is crucial.
  • The field is dynamic, with ongoing exploration of diverse system configurations.