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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Social behavior is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction between biological predispositions and environmental influences. This intricate interplay shapes how individuals think, feel, and act in various social contexts. Understanding these mechanisms requires insights from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, and evolutionary theory.Environmental Influences on Social BehaviorEnvironmental factors, including temperature, odors, and visual stimuli, play a crucial role in shaping...

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Optimized Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression from Small, Anatomically-defined Areas of the Brain
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Published on: July 12, 2012

Epigenetics and environment: a complex relationship.

Oscar Aguilera1, Agustín F Fernández, Alberto Muñoz

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|April 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental factors significantly impact the epigenomes of higher organisms, influencing both normal development and disease. These epigenetic changes can have lasting effects depending on when they occur during an organism's life.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and developmental biology
  • Environmental health sciences

Background:

  • Epigenetic modifications are crucial for cellular development and differentiation in multicellular organisms.
  • Aberrant epigenetic signaling, influenced by genetic, stochastic, and environmental factors, can lead to developmental abnormalities.
  • Understanding the origins and consequences of epigenetic variation is essential for comprehending health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of environmental factors on the epigenomes of higher organisms.
  • To discuss the physiological and pathophysiological implications of environmentally induced epigenetic changes.
  • To differentiate the effects of epigenetic alterations occurring during embryonic development versus adulthood.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating environmental influences on epigenetics.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms and their regulation.
  • Analysis of the timing-dependent effects of epigenetic changes.

Main Results:

  • Environmental factors are a significant source of epigenetic variation in higher organisms.
  • Epigenetic changes induced by the environment can alter physiological processes.
  • The impact of these epigenetic alterations varies based on the developmental stage (embryonic vs. adult).

Conclusions:

  • Environmental exposures can lead to lasting epigenetic modifications with health consequences.
  • The timing of environmental exposure during development critically influences the outcome of epigenetic changes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and long-term effects of environmental epigenetics.