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Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Conscious sedation: for a TEE, is it always required?

Ovais Khalid1, Rajeev Srivastava, Aaron Mulhall

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Conscious sedation is often unnecessary for routine transesophageal echocardiography in adults, potentially increasing risks and costs. Omitting sedation allows patients full decisional capacity and immediate return to activities.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Conscious sedation is commonly used for transesophageal echocardiography.
  • Its necessity in routine adult cases is questionable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the necessity of conscious sedation for routine adult transesophageal echocardiography.
  • To assess the impact of sedation on complication rates, costs, and patient recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of procedures involving transesophageal echocardiography.
  • Analysis of complication rates and financial costs associated with sedation.
  • Assessment of patient decisional capacity and recovery times post-procedure.

Main Results:

  • Conscious sedation is not essential for routine adult transesophageal echocardiography.
  • Sedation increases complication rates and financial costs.
  • Patients undergoing procedures without sedation retain full decisional capacity and recover faster.

Conclusions:

  • Omission of conscious sedation should be considered for routine adult transesophageal echocardiography when appropriate.
  • Avoiding sedation can reduce risks, costs, and improve patient recovery.
  • Sedation is generally warranted for pediatric patients and complex cases.