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Related Concept Videos

Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse
08:19

A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse

Published on: December 16, 2022

Perimembranous ventricular septal defect and Gerbode defect.

Adolfo A Blanco1, Steven Haddy, Craig J Baker

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. adolfobl@usc.edu

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare Gerbode-type defect, a type of ventricular septal defect (VSD), can be mistaken for pulmonary hypertension. High tricuspid regurgitation velocity in VSD patients may indicate this rare defect.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Pipeline to Characterize Structural Heart Defects in the Fetal Mouse
08:19

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Published on: December 16, 2022

Murine Fetal Echocardiography
08:04

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Published on: February 15, 2013

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10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

  • Congenital heart disease, specifically perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD), presents unique diagnostic challenges.
  • Accurate intraoperative assessment is crucial for effective surgical management.

Observation:

  • A 27-year-old male with a known VSD was found to have an intraoperative Gerbode-type defect.
  • This defect was initially misdiagnosed as pulmonary hypertension.
  • Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was utilized for diagnosis.

Findings:

  • Gerbode-type defects are a rare subtype of VSD.
  • High tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity can be an indicator of a Gerbode-type defect.
  • TEE provides valuable insights into complex intracardiac anatomy and flow.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider Gerbode-type defects in patients with a history of VSD and elevated tricuspid regurgitation velocity.
  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for rare VSDs can lead to better patient outcomes.
  • This case highlights the importance of comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation in congenital heart disease.