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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: August 30, 2020

Hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Anand V Germanwala1, Judy Huang, Rafael J Tamargo

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box #7060, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7060, USA. anand_germanwala@med.unc.edu

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hydrocephalus, a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), affects 20-30% of patients. Early recognition and CT scan interpretation, particularly the bicaudate index, are key for effective management.

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Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
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A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
10:34

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: August 30, 2020

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
07:40

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: November 21, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Hydrocephalus is a frequent and severe complication following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
  • It occurs in 20-30% of cases, with acute onset within 48 hours or chronic onset weeks to months later.
  • Poor neurological grade is strongly associated with increased hydrocephalus incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of early recognition and accurate interpretation of computed tomography (CT) findings for managing hydrocephalus after SAH.
  • To identify key clinical and radiological markers for hydrocephalus in SAH patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data and computed tomography (CT) studies in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
  • Evaluation of the correlation between clinical factors (neurologic grade) and radiological markers (bicaudate index) with hydrocephalus development.
  • Analysis of the timing of hydrocephalus onset (acute vs. chronic).

Main Results:

  • The bicaudate index on CT scans is identified as the most reliable radiological marker for hydrocephalus post-SAH.
  • A poor neurologic grade is the strongest clinical predictor for developing hydrocephalus.
  • Hydrocephalus can manifest acutely or chronically after the initial hemorrhage.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification of hydrocephalus in SAH patients is crucial for timely intervention.
  • The bicaudate index provides a valuable tool for radiological assessment of hydrocephalus risk.
  • Despite complex pathophysiology, current technologies allow for effective treatment of hydrocephalus following SAH.